PSY 290 Research Methods in Psychology

Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.

How do you know if a study is empirical? Read the subheadings within the article, book, or report and look for a description of the research "methodology." Ask yourself: Could I recreate this study and test these results?

Key characteristics to look for:

• Specific research questions to be answered:
• Definition of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied
• Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys)
• Another hint: Some scholarly journals employ a specific layout, known as the "IMRaD" format, to convey empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components:

Introduction:

Sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies

Methodology:

Sometimes called "research design," it describes how to recreate the study, typically encompassing the population, research process, and analytical tools.

Results:

Sometimes referred to as "findings" — the key insights learned through the study — they typically appear as statistical data or substantial quotations from research participants.

Discussion:

Sometimes called "conclusion" or "implications," this section usually describes why the study is important, explaining how the research results influence professional practices or inform future studies.

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative? 

Qualitative (non-numerical)

A method of research that produces descriptive (non-numerical) data, such as observations of behavior or personal accounts of experiences. The goal of gathering this qualitative data is to examine how individuals can perceive the world from different vantage points. A variety of techniques are subsumed under qualitative research, including content analyses of narratives, in-depth interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and case studies, often conducted in naturalistic settings. These approaches are also referred to as qualitative design, qualitative inquiry, qualitative method, and qualitative study. Compare quantitative research. Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

Examples of Published Qualitative Research Studies: 

• Qualitative Psychology
• Qualitative Research in Psychology
• Feminism in Psychology

Quantitative (numerical)

A method of research that relies on measuring variables using a numerical system, analyzing these measurements using various statistical models, and reporting relationships and associations among the studied variables. For example, these variables may be test scores or measurements of reaction time. The goal of gathering this quantitative data is to understand, describe, and predict the nature of a phenomenon, particularly through the development of models and theories. Quantitative research techniques include experiments and surveys. Also known as quantitative design, quantitative inquiry, quantitative method, or quantitative study. Compare qualitative research. Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

Examples of Published Quantitative Research Studies: 

• Quantitative Methods for Psychology
• Tutorials in Quantitative Psychology

Data Management Resources: 

• Library Guide: Research Data Management and Sharing